Myth 1: Ethical Consumerism is always good and sweatshop products must be avoided
Companies in the fashion industry claim to be “sweatshop free” and other companies ask consumers to practice “ethical consumerism” = to spend more money in order to assure that workers at the factories are treated better. Now, as we’ve learned in point #1, there are five questions we must ask as an effective altruist, one being: What would have happened otherwise?
And MacAskill’s scientific research shows a painful truth: “We assume that if People refuse to buy goods from sweatshops, these factories will succumb to economic pressure and go out of business, in which case their employees will find better employment elsewhere. But that’s not true. In developing countries, sweatshop jobs are the good jobs. The alternatives are typically worse, such as backbreaking, low-paid farm labour, scavenging, or unemployment.”
By looking at this example, we have to realise that to practice effective altruism, we have to leave our “rich-world-perspective” and accept that some things unimaginable to us are better to the world than we expected. Or in this case, sweatshops are good for poor countries and if we boycott them we make People in poor countries worse off.
“We should certainly feel outrage and horror at the conditions sweatshop laborers toil under. The correct response, however, is not to give up sweatshop-produced goods in favour of domestically produced goods. The correct response is to try to end the extreme poverty that makes sweatshops desirable places to work in the first place,” says MacAskill.
Myth 2: By buying Fairtrade-certified products, we do good
Fairtrade certification is an attempt to give higher pay to workers in poor countries and has been heavily advertised as “the” solution in our western society. Producers get the certification when they meet certain criteria, such as paying workers a minimum wage, complying to safety requirements, etc. What’s less known: Most producers that can meet the criteria are from comparatively rich countries like Mexico and Costa Rica, which are ten times richer than the very poorest countries, like Ethiopia. Knowing about diminishing returns of investment, this means that we do more good buying uncertified coffee from Ethiopia than Fairtrade coffee from Costa Rica. We also should be aware that there are middlemen involved who take a share of the “Faitrade price”, or that we even don’t know how much the higher price translates into higher wages or how much money goes to the farmers who work for the Fairtrade-certified organisations. Furthermore, consistent findings indicate that Fairtrade certification does not even improve the lives of agriculture workers. Given this, there is little altruistic reason to buy Fairtrade products.
Myth 3: Buying locally does work - offsetting does not!
MacAskill states straight away that buying locally-produced goods is overhyped, as only 10% of the carbon footprint of food comes from transportation, whereas 80% comes from production. This means that WHAT type of food you buy is much more important than whether that food is produced locally or internationally.
Taking this into account, the most effective ways to cut down your emissions are:
- To reduce your intake of meat (especially beef)
- To reduce the amount you travel
- To use less electricity and gas in the home
However, MacAskill also mentions that the most effective way to reduce your emissions is called offsetting: rather than reducing your own greenhouse gas emissions, you pay for projects that reduce or avoid greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere.
MacAskill explains that his organisation, Giving What We Can, studied more than 100 organisations and came to the result that Cool Earth is the most effective organisation when talking about offsetting of greenhouse gas emissions. Cool Earth uses donated money to help economically develop rainforest communities - to a point where they do better by not selling their land to loggers. This means that when you donate to Cool Earth and practice effective carbon offsetting, overall your life contributes nothing to climate change.
Add new comment